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John Howland (c. 1591 – February 23, 1672/3) was a passenger on the ''Mayflower''. He was an indentured servant and in later years, the executive assistant and personal secretary to Governor John Carver and accompanied the Separatists and other passengers when they left England to settle in Plymouth, Massachusetts. He signed the Mayflower Compact and helped found Plymouth Colony.〔William Bradford, ''Of Plymouth Plantation, 1620-1647,'' ed. by Samuel Eliot Morison, The Modern Library, (New York: Random House, 1967),pp. 59, 68, 195, 263, 400-3, 415-417〕 He signed the Mayflower Compact which is considered the first written constitution for a representative government 'of the people, by the people, for the people'. After the passengers came ashore John Howland became assistant to the governor over the new independent state created under the compact. The act of Governor Carver in making a treaty with the great Indian Sachem Massosoit was an exercise of sovereign power and John Howland was the assistant."〔 〕 John Carver, the first governor of the Plymouth Colony, died in April 1621.〔Philbrick. Pg. 102〕 In 1626, Howland was a freeman and one of eight settlers who agreed to assume the colony's debt to its investors in England in exchange for a monopoly of the fur trade.〔Philbrick, Pg. 168〕 He was elected deputy to the General Court in consecutive years from 1641–1655 and again in 1658. ==English Origins == John Howland was born in Fenstanton, Huntingdonshire, England around 1591.〔(Pilgrim Hall Museum )〕 He was the son of Margaret and Henry Howland, and the brother of Henry and Arthur Howland, who emigrated later from England to Marshfield, Massachusetts.〔 Although Henry and Arthur Howland were Quakers, John himself held to the original faith of the Puritans. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「John Howland」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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